Housing, like food, is a commodity that has special connotations for many of us and it holds the basic biological need for shelter. We define housing as a structure used for habitation of human beings, which generally has walls and a roof to shelter its enclosed space from precipitation, wind, heat, cold, and animals. (1) Housing in Fort Collins is no different, while we do look for an enclosure of walls with a roof over our heads, there are many different reasons we might purchase a home.
Purchasing a house is the single largest investment for most U.S. families, and we view home ownership as an essential part of the American dream. (1) John Locke, a British philosopher, believed that everyone had natural rights that included life, liberty, and the right to property. Thomas Jefferson changed these natural rights in the Declaration of Independence to being an American adaptation of the pursuit of happiness. Land or property is still viewed as the main pursuit of finding happiness. In Fort Collins, there are many reasons why real estate is the number one investment, (2) and a pursuit of happiness.
According the National Association of Realtors, there are many reasons why people buy houses. “Location, location, location!” is the most common phrase when it comes to buying or selling a house. Real Estate is not just about just finding the perfect view, but finding houses that are near schools, shopping areas, and places that have low crime. (3) Sometimes the thing that is small by comparison but just as important such as buying a home that might be near your office, or maybe your child’s daycare. Higher housing costs can vary from distance from amenities, to relative closeness to central business districts. When it comes down to it, location always is the most import variable.
When the U.S. Census Bureau first surveyed housing in the United States in 1940, renters occupied 44 percent of housing units. (1) By 1999, 67 percent of housing units were occupied by their owners. (1) There also was a steady increase of the median sale price of new housing units, compared to the median household income. The housing price to income ratio nearly doubled between 1970 and 1998, and we continue to see that the price of new housing rise more rapidly than the average household income. (1) These are major factors that influence the affordability of purchasing a house.
Fort Collins historically has been a great community in which to raise a family. Located in northern Colorado, approximately 60 miles north of Denver, and 46 miles South of Cheyenne, Wyoming. Fort Collins is home to Colorado State University and an outstanding public school system. Nestled at the base of the Rocky Mountains, Fort Collins offers exciting recreational opportunities, unique cultural offerings, and is a regional center for employment and shopping. (5)
The secret was finally reveled in 2006 when Money Magazine named Fort Collins as the #1 “Best Place To Live In America” and Business 2.0 placed Fort Collins in the “Top 10 Cities: Where To Buy Now.” (6) The city ranks #4 of the 50 best places to live in the United States as selected by Men's Journal in May of 2003 and was also ranked as the #1 Best Place to Reinvent Your Life as determined by AARP Magazine in June of 2003. (5)
People move to Fort Collins and to Colorado because of strong economic opportunities and a great the quality of life. Breathtaking views, good jobs, quality education, low crime rates, mild climates and recreational activities are some of the main reasons why the northern Colorado region has grown exponentially and has become a destination to not only live, but to raise a family.
One cannot talk about the growth of Fort Collins without recognizing the expansion of the surrounding area. More people are seeing themselves as “Citizens of
Northern Colorado”, living in one city or town, working in another, shopping or recreating in a third, and periodically slipping into the mountains for some relaxation with nature. (6) With so much to do and living within a certain proximity to work, school and recreational activities, it is easy to see why people would live in one city and go shop, attend universities or commute to work in another.
In Loveland, 45% of its population works in another community. In Greeley, it’s 30%, and in Fort Collins, it’s 17% (North Front Range Transportation
and Air Quality Council). Because of this, many homebuyers look at a number of different cities for housing, entertainment, consumerism and employment.
Housing under $150,000 is still available in Northern Colorado and these properties are not as rare as initially expected. Many houses can be purchased in this price range, but most of them are far from Colorado State campus if not on the west side of Horsetooth Reservoir. More than single-family houses, most of these properties are apartments, condos and town homes. The total square footage for housing under $150,000 and condos alike are close to 1000 sq. feet and below, with some square footage less than 600 total square feet. Housing under $150,000 dollars in Fort Collins usually has poor quality of living space and poor views, but this is to be expected. Another trend is that some of these houses are located on major streets or intersections. In this case the distance to the Central Business District (Old Town) is negatively correlated with the price of the house, meaning that the closer one gets to Old Town the higher the housing price. The price then fluctuates from high to low, and then the prices go very high the further you live away from Old Town. This is due to newer housing being built in sub-divisions that expand from all sides of the central business section.
Houses for sale priced between $150-$250,000 are very diverse, offering various amenities. The price of these houses cannot be priced based solely on the number of bedrooms or amount of square feet. However, again it is location that is the most important factor in the price.
The average sales price of a Fort Collins home is $240,019 dollars. (2) First time homebuyers usually buy homes that are in the median price-range. (2) A first time homebuyer will look at location, surrounding schools, and other amenities.
Not all buyers in this price range are first time homebuyers but this is the demographic the seller will be aiming towards. For example, a three-bedroom home located close to Old Town, Fort Collins, priced at $152,000, is commented as a “Great starter home” as its selling point. (6) Buyers will see this as either an investment property or just a cheap three bedroom to raise a family in.
It is fair to use the Colorado State campus as a central focal point if one were to invest in property for renting due to the continual cycle of college students. These houses are also great starter homes, but a majority of the neighbors might just be college students. They are found in the $150-250,000 dollar range. (6) The closer a residence is to campus the higher it has for possibly being purchased for investment.
Another example of selling to the first time homebuyer is a three-bedroom home priced at $178,900 offering “close schools in a well maintained subdivision.” This house is an example of a nice looking house with similar amenities to the $152,000 dollar house discussed earlier. If one were to look at the difference between the house near Old Town and the one priced at $178,900, it can be duly noted that the more expensive house was built 80 years later. This brings us to another factor; does the year built play an important role in pricing?
It proves to be a fleeting factor when many houses in the Old Town area, especially on Mountain Avenue are selling for 50 times the amount that they were initially sold for. (2) In a discussion with Chief City Planner Ken Waido, houses built along Mountain Avenue were first being sold at 10-20,000 dollars. (7) Now some of the houses, because of their proximity to Old Town, are selling for 400,000. (6) Even still, houses that have been renovated or completely knocked out and rebuilt are valued at over 1,000,000 dollars. (2) In Fort Collins, there are very little defined lines that represent housing costs.
The intersection of Drake and College Avenue, which arguably can be called the center of Fort Collins now, 20 years ago used to be the city limits. Many people used to make fun of Fort Collins, because they built the football stadium for the University outside of the city limits, and there was a bull farm located in the center of campus. (7) Growth can completely change the overview of the city.
Almost every house that was researched included a washer/dryer, electric range/oven and dishwasher. (3) These particular housing amenities are expected and do not have major impact on the total price of the house. However, amenities such as landscape, paint quality, air conditioning and structure type played a major role in the price of the house. Real estate companies will use these certain amenities as price boosters.
Landscaping, in most cases, will also be a determining factor in the price of a house. For example, in many of the houses researched, the comments section will mention the back/front yards if the condition is good. It is noticeable variation that can be a make or break selling point.
In houses priced between $150,000 and $300,000 the factor playing the biggest role in price was again location. This price range is the average price range of the majority of the houses sold in Fort Collins, (6) so one can shop around for exactly what they are looking for.
Houses in Fort Collins in the $300,000 dollar and above shared many similar qualities. These types of houses can all be found in pleasantly named subdivisions, such as Quail Hollow and Harmony Ridge. They also consist of more acreage and better views of the mountains. These subdivisions themselves share some similarities as well. Most houses above the 300,000-dollar price range have a total square footage well above 2,500 feet. These homes usually have three to five bedrooms and bathrooms, making them more conducive to large families or increased living space. The location could be closer in proximity to better schools and recreation facilities. Many of these houses are located out near Hewlett Packard, on the outlays of the city or along the foothills.
Some of the residences from the subdivision of Ridge Farms have even been built “green”, or in a manner that was environmentally sound. (6) Only in newer subdivisions can houses be built environmentally conscience, because it is still very expensive to build “green.”
Fort Collins has put an emphasis on high quality education. The high schools in the city include Fort Collins, Rocky Mountain, Poudre, and Fossil Ridge High School. There are 11 middle schools, and 34 elementary schools. With over 50 schools in the district, the Poudre School District exists to support and inspire every child to think, to learn, to care, and to graduate prepared to be successful in a changing world. (4) Moving to Fort Collins for the educational system really makes sense to many new families. Higher educational opportunities are also there with Colorado State University, Front Range Community College, and many other smaller sects of community colleges.
Fort Collins residences are also located near various shopping and recreation facilities. The shopping facilities include Foothills Mall, Drake Crossing, Raintree Village, and Cedarwood Shopping Plaza. (8)
Recreation facilities in Fort Collins include over 10 different health clubs, 4 community swimming pools, and 2 ice skating rinks. (5) Natural recreation areas include Horsetooth Reservoir, well-established bike paths, 4 golf courses, and many public parks. (8) Recreational activities are abundant and they include cooking, dancing classes, crafts, arts, outdoor activities, and all major sports. (5) All in all, Fort Collins is a recreational playground, which factors in on why a person would want to live in Fort Collins.
According to Larry Kendall, president of the Group Inc. (which is the highest grossing real estate company in Northern Colorado), people buy houses for three reasons. For one, they purchase on style, this would include square footage, number of beds and baths, acreage. Two, the price range in which they want to buy. Lastly it all boils down to location, and that pretty much is a personal preference for each individual homebuyer. Known as the Choice City, (8) Fort Collins is northern Colorado’s largest city and it is easy to see why it is a place that is thought to be the best place to live in the nation.
Works Cited
Brux, Jacqueline Murray. (2005). Economic Issues and Policy. Thomson Southwestern
Kendal, Larry, (The Group Incorporation). April 1, 2008
National Association of Realtors. (2008). NAR Realtors.org. Received : April 28, 2008
http://www.realtor.org/home/index
Poudre School District. (2008). PSD.org. Receiver: April 28, 2008, from
http://www.psd.k12.co.us/aboutus/index.aspx
Recreation: City of Fort Collins. (2008). FC.gov Received: April 28, 2008, from
http://www.fcgov.com/recreation/
The Group Inc. Real Estate. (2008) The Group Inc. Received: April 17, 2008, from
http://www.thegroupinc.com/
Waido, Kenneth G., (City of Fort Collins). Personal Interview, April 25, 2008
Welcome to Fort Collins. (2008) FtCollins.org. Received: April 20, 2008, from
http://www.ftcollins.org/fastfacts/?color=green
Thursday, May 29, 2008
Medieval Magic and Medicine (Review)
In a medical manuscript of the Paris Bibliotheque Nationale that was written at about 800, probably somewhere in the Loire Valley, there is a curious one-page treatise that has escaped the attention of historians, paleographers, medievalists, medical historians, and folk-lorists. (pg 494) “An Unpublished Treatise on Medicine and Magic from the Age of Charlemagne” is an article written by Loren C. MacKinney and was published by The Medieval Academy of America in October of 1943. The article is about a mysterious page of magical recipes that has been misplaced and the origin of this page is debated due to its resemblance to similar work in both the first and sixth centuries.
Medieval medicine was a mixture of superstition, and folklore, of potions and magic. Disease literally plagued the middle ages and with such a large number of strange diseases there were equally strange cures. Although the subject of true remedies can be debated, it is widely known that physicians were in short supply and true medicine for most diseases wasn’t discovered yet. Medical advances would come with the advancement of technology and knowledge of the human body.
Due to the fact that Christianity believed that one must possess all organs of the body in order to get to heaven, dissection was strongly discouraged by the church. Researching on dead bodies was reserved to a very secretive few and one could be excommunicated from the church or killed for doing so.
The medical manuscript recently found contains “The Letter of the Vulture.” According to the letter, the human race does not know how much virtue the vulture has in it and how much this animal contributes to healing. (pg 495) The Epistula Vulturis comprises seventeen medical and magical recipes compounded from portions of vulture and other substances, including other animals and wine. (pg 496)
The recipe calls for specific instructions on how to dissect the vulture and use its inners as a source of healing. It is very important to cut open the bird within the hour of killing it or finding it dead. The bones wrapped in deerskin will cure every pain and migraine of the head. (pg 495) Blood could be used to cure itchy skin and a mixture of wolf skin and vulture eyes would expel all pain away from the eyes. My favorite would have to be to dry and beat the vulture’s little kidneys and testicles and to consume with wine, to help him who is unable to have intercourse with his wife. (pg 496)
The wording of most of the magical recipes resembles passages in the “Natural History” of a first-century Roman, Pliny the Elder, that obviously were derived from his work. (pg 494) Pliny the Elder would be a reference point for many and later miracle workers would add to the similarities between the magical recipes.
The wording of most of the recipes, however, is closer to that of a sixth-century work by Sextus Placitus Papyriensis, which was itself derived largely from Pliny. (pg 494) The result would be that it was originally Pliny’s work, but interpreted and published by Sextus at a later time.
There were nine other recipes that would be included in Sextus’ Book of Medicine from Animals, Cattle, Beasts, and Birds. (pg 494) In most of the work, the recipes for these potions rely on magic rather than true medicine. The medicine and magic from the age of Charlemagne would be something that Church would approve of and usually entail some superstitious ritual or remedy. Later on in a fifteenth-century version, in a manuscript of Italian origin, there are fourteen additional recipes, practically all of which are magical in character. (pg 494)
The strengths of MacKinney in this article would be the manuscript itself. One could find the humor associated with magic recipes that include vultures, deer, and wolf parts. The weakness would be in the lack of information associated with the manuscript. MacKinney could give better background information in terms of actual phrasing used by Sextus and Pliny the Elder. It would have been more convincing to show examples side by side rather than just listing numbers of recipes that were similar. (Example: numbers 1, 2, 3, 6, and 7 being similar to numbers 3, 4, 7, 14) Overall, this article is important to those interested in paleographic material, medieval medicine, medieval magic, and history because it shows that even a misplaced manuscript that does belong to a historical era can be used to explain a certain time period. The debate still exists on what time period it does come from, because it is important for us as historians to find its origin to help understand the magic from the age of Charlemagne.
Mackinney, Loren C.. "An Unpublished Treatise on Medicine and Magic from the Age of
Charlemagne." Speculum 18.4 (1943): 494-496.
Medieval medicine was a mixture of superstition, and folklore, of potions and magic. Disease literally plagued the middle ages and with such a large number of strange diseases there were equally strange cures. Although the subject of true remedies can be debated, it is widely known that physicians were in short supply and true medicine for most diseases wasn’t discovered yet. Medical advances would come with the advancement of technology and knowledge of the human body.
Due to the fact that Christianity believed that one must possess all organs of the body in order to get to heaven, dissection was strongly discouraged by the church. Researching on dead bodies was reserved to a very secretive few and one could be excommunicated from the church or killed for doing so.
The medical manuscript recently found contains “The Letter of the Vulture.” According to the letter, the human race does not know how much virtue the vulture has in it and how much this animal contributes to healing. (pg 495) The Epistula Vulturis comprises seventeen medical and magical recipes compounded from portions of vulture and other substances, including other animals and wine. (pg 496)
The recipe calls for specific instructions on how to dissect the vulture and use its inners as a source of healing. It is very important to cut open the bird within the hour of killing it or finding it dead. The bones wrapped in deerskin will cure every pain and migraine of the head. (pg 495) Blood could be used to cure itchy skin and a mixture of wolf skin and vulture eyes would expel all pain away from the eyes. My favorite would have to be to dry and beat the vulture’s little kidneys and testicles and to consume with wine, to help him who is unable to have intercourse with his wife. (pg 496)
The wording of most of the magical recipes resembles passages in the “Natural History” of a first-century Roman, Pliny the Elder, that obviously were derived from his work. (pg 494) Pliny the Elder would be a reference point for many and later miracle workers would add to the similarities between the magical recipes.
The wording of most of the recipes, however, is closer to that of a sixth-century work by Sextus Placitus Papyriensis, which was itself derived largely from Pliny. (pg 494) The result would be that it was originally Pliny’s work, but interpreted and published by Sextus at a later time.
There were nine other recipes that would be included in Sextus’ Book of Medicine from Animals, Cattle, Beasts, and Birds. (pg 494) In most of the work, the recipes for these potions rely on magic rather than true medicine. The medicine and magic from the age of Charlemagne would be something that Church would approve of and usually entail some superstitious ritual or remedy. Later on in a fifteenth-century version, in a manuscript of Italian origin, there are fourteen additional recipes, practically all of which are magical in character. (pg 494)
The strengths of MacKinney in this article would be the manuscript itself. One could find the humor associated with magic recipes that include vultures, deer, and wolf parts. The weakness would be in the lack of information associated with the manuscript. MacKinney could give better background information in terms of actual phrasing used by Sextus and Pliny the Elder. It would have been more convincing to show examples side by side rather than just listing numbers of recipes that were similar. (Example: numbers 1, 2, 3, 6, and 7 being similar to numbers 3, 4, 7, 14) Overall, this article is important to those interested in paleographic material, medieval medicine, medieval magic, and history because it shows that even a misplaced manuscript that does belong to a historical era can be used to explain a certain time period. The debate still exists on what time period it does come from, because it is important for us as historians to find its origin to help understand the magic from the age of Charlemagne.
Mackinney, Loren C.. "An Unpublished Treatise on Medicine and Magic from the Age of
Charlemagne." Speculum 18.4 (1943): 494-496.
Sexual Education in Medieval Christianity
The Western Medieval Christian Church officially adopted an attitude toward sex, which reflected the intellectual hostility to bodily pleasures developed neo-Pythagoreans and neo-Platonists. (185) “Sex Education in Medieval Christianity” is an article written by Vern L. Bullough and was published in The Journal of Sex Research in August of 1977. The article is about the perception of sex by the church in the middle ages and the standards it set for intercourse, masturbation, homosexuality, and prostitution.
Institutionalized Christianity took certain attitudes during its development against sexuality that was contrary to the dominant view during the classical period, and the migrating Germans as well. The western Christian attitude received its basic levels of sexuality from St. Augustine. He was convinced that the world could accomplish more if it didn’t crave as many lustful desires. Augustine was very influenced by the bible and the story of Adam and Eve. The idea of “original sin” and its dualistic interpretation of what good and evil was consumed St. Augustine.
The expulsion of Adam and Eve from the garden proved that humans were driven by passion and had a hard time managing impulses and sin. Once, however, Adam and Eve had fallen from Paradise, they became conscious of the new impulse generated by their act of rebellion, and this drove them to an insatiable quest for sexual satisfaction. (186)
Innocence was then lost and humans were driven by lust. Coitus, which translates into the act of making love, was only deemed appropriate for child bearing, or procreation. St. Augustine had a hard time defining sex and the necessity of child bearing unless it was through marriage. Even then, Augustine thought that marriage somewhat instigated the evil of lust. It was marriage and marriage alone which transformed coitus from a mere satisfaction of lust to a necessary duty and, when sexual intercourse was employed for human generation, it lost some of its inherent sinfulness. (186)
St. Augustine thought that sex itself was an animal behavior but through marriage the act of procreation was justified. Sexual education took on a whole new meaning in medieval Christianity, and the church regarded sex as a sin, a sin that they would try to eliminate.
Penance, a catholic way of repentance was given to sexual sinners as a type of healing as a “medicine for the soul” (187) and was ordered by priests as a way to develop healthier Christians. The Synod of the Grove of Victory, for example, lists a three-year penance for an adulterer, a three-year pilgrimage for incest with one's mother, two-and-a-half years penance for those who engage in bestiality, a four-year penance for coitus in anal, three years for coitus in femoribus, and, for those who have orgasms in their hand, two years penance are required. (188)
Sexual desires were conceived as negative thoughts and were reinforced through implied punishment for deeds that had been done. Women would eventually be the targets of negative stereotypes in sexual education, since women were the ones creating lust from men. Although technically Christianity insisted that women were equal to men, deriving from the fact that Eve was made of Adams rib, implying a side-by-side connection. Medieval society adopted the view that women were subordinate to men. (188) Even though both possess sexual desires, it was thought that women being the lesser of the two really were the reason why men went astray. The influence of such ideas is emphasized by St. Jerome, who wrote that as "long as woman is for birth and children, she is different from man as body is from soul. But when she wishes to serve Christ more than the world, then she will cease to be a woman and will be called man" (189)
The church would try and scare people out of sex, sending the message that sex, even in marriage, left much to be desired. (191) Succumbing to sexual desires meant that the flesh was weak, and submitting to temptation. Celibacy would be the clear message from the medieval church, basically leaving the enjoyment of sex to the sinners. For those who failed to follow these teachings, there was a fall back position of ultimate salvation for the repentant sinner. In the process, a sexual conscience developed that we are only beginning to challenge today. (195)
The strengths of Bullough throughout this article were his use of many different sources throughout the entirety of the middle ages. From St. Augustine to Pope Gregory IX, “Sex Education in Medieval Christianity” references a good number of sexual ideological events that is essential to the understanding of sex and sexual encounters of the time period. The argument that the church was against sexual activity is clearly defined and this article clearly utilizes its evidence very well. It would be good to have a few more entries of some of the saints and actual church writings that encourage sexuality, although it can be argued that the church would do anything to submit any systematic demise of itself through contradictory evidence. This would mean that the church would possess a hypocritical stance of sexuality and would raise a question of validity and the idea that the church is not godly, and essentially not good. This piece of literature would be good for anyone interested sexuality in the middle ages and the Christian church, because it clearly is a platform to research sex and human sexuality during this time period.
Works Cited
Bullough, Vern L.. "Sex Education in Medieval Christianity." The Journal of
Sex Research 13 (1977): 185-196.
Institutionalized Christianity took certain attitudes during its development against sexuality that was contrary to the dominant view during the classical period, and the migrating Germans as well. The western Christian attitude received its basic levels of sexuality from St. Augustine. He was convinced that the world could accomplish more if it didn’t crave as many lustful desires. Augustine was very influenced by the bible and the story of Adam and Eve. The idea of “original sin” and its dualistic interpretation of what good and evil was consumed St. Augustine.
The expulsion of Adam and Eve from the garden proved that humans were driven by passion and had a hard time managing impulses and sin. Once, however, Adam and Eve had fallen from Paradise, they became conscious of the new impulse generated by their act of rebellion, and this drove them to an insatiable quest for sexual satisfaction. (186)
Innocence was then lost and humans were driven by lust. Coitus, which translates into the act of making love, was only deemed appropriate for child bearing, or procreation. St. Augustine had a hard time defining sex and the necessity of child bearing unless it was through marriage. Even then, Augustine thought that marriage somewhat instigated the evil of lust. It was marriage and marriage alone which transformed coitus from a mere satisfaction of lust to a necessary duty and, when sexual intercourse was employed for human generation, it lost some of its inherent sinfulness. (186)
St. Augustine thought that sex itself was an animal behavior but through marriage the act of procreation was justified. Sexual education took on a whole new meaning in medieval Christianity, and the church regarded sex as a sin, a sin that they would try to eliminate.
Penance, a catholic way of repentance was given to sexual sinners as a type of healing as a “medicine for the soul” (187) and was ordered by priests as a way to develop healthier Christians. The Synod of the Grove of Victory, for example, lists a three-year penance for an adulterer, a three-year pilgrimage for incest with one's mother, two-and-a-half years penance for those who engage in bestiality, a four-year penance for coitus in anal, three years for coitus in femoribus, and, for those who have orgasms in their hand, two years penance are required. (188)
Sexual desires were conceived as negative thoughts and were reinforced through implied punishment for deeds that had been done. Women would eventually be the targets of negative stereotypes in sexual education, since women were the ones creating lust from men. Although technically Christianity insisted that women were equal to men, deriving from the fact that Eve was made of Adams rib, implying a side-by-side connection. Medieval society adopted the view that women were subordinate to men. (188) Even though both possess sexual desires, it was thought that women being the lesser of the two really were the reason why men went astray. The influence of such ideas is emphasized by St. Jerome, who wrote that as "long as woman is for birth and children, she is different from man as body is from soul. But when she wishes to serve Christ more than the world, then she will cease to be a woman and will be called man" (189)
The church would try and scare people out of sex, sending the message that sex, even in marriage, left much to be desired. (191) Succumbing to sexual desires meant that the flesh was weak, and submitting to temptation. Celibacy would be the clear message from the medieval church, basically leaving the enjoyment of sex to the sinners. For those who failed to follow these teachings, there was a fall back position of ultimate salvation for the repentant sinner. In the process, a sexual conscience developed that we are only beginning to challenge today. (195)
The strengths of Bullough throughout this article were his use of many different sources throughout the entirety of the middle ages. From St. Augustine to Pope Gregory IX, “Sex Education in Medieval Christianity” references a good number of sexual ideological events that is essential to the understanding of sex and sexual encounters of the time period. The argument that the church was against sexual activity is clearly defined and this article clearly utilizes its evidence very well. It would be good to have a few more entries of some of the saints and actual church writings that encourage sexuality, although it can be argued that the church would do anything to submit any systematic demise of itself through contradictory evidence. This would mean that the church would possess a hypocritical stance of sexuality and would raise a question of validity and the idea that the church is not godly, and essentially not good. This piece of literature would be good for anyone interested sexuality in the middle ages and the Christian church, because it clearly is a platform to research sex and human sexuality during this time period.
Works Cited
Bullough, Vern L.. "Sex Education in Medieval Christianity." The Journal of
Sex Research 13 (1977): 185-196.
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